Title : Marine Week Boston, 2010: Bell-Boeing MV-22B Osprey warning: "Beware of BLAST"
link : Marine Week Boston, 2010: Bell-Boeing MV-22B Osprey warning: "Beware of BLAST"
Marine Week Boston, 2010: Bell-Boeing MV-22B Osprey warning: "Beware of BLAST"
Marine Week Boston, 2010: Bell-Boeing MV- 22B Osprey warning: "Beware of BLAST"
Paste from Wikipedia: Bell-Boeing V-22 Osprey
• • • • •
The Bell-Boeing V-22 Osprey is a multi-mission, military, tiltrotor aircraft a vertical takeoff and landing ( VTOL ), and short takeoff and landing capability ( STOL ). It is designed to combine the functionality of a conventional helicopter with long-range, high-performance cruising speed of turboprop .
The V-22 originated from US Department of Defense -Service set vertical takeoff / landing Experimental (JVX) aircraft program started in 1981. It was jointly developed by the Bell Helicopter and Boeing helicopters team, known Bell Boeing like, that produce the aircraft. [4] the V-22 first flew in 1989, and began years of flight testing and design modifications.
on United States Marine Corps began crew training for the Osprey in 2000, and in 2007 sent another operator Osprey, the US Air Force sent their version of the tiltrotor in 2009. Since entering service with the Air Force and the US Marine Corps, the Osprey has been deployed to combat operations in Iraq and Afghanistan.
Contents
• 1 development
•• 1.1 The early development
•• 1.2 flight test and design changes
•• 1.3 the controversy
•• newly developed 1.4
• 2 design
• 3 operational history
•• Marine Corps 3.1 US
•• 3.2 US Air Force. UU.
•• 3.3 Potential operators
• 4 Variants
• 5 Operators
• 6 accidents notable
• 7 Specifications (MV-22B)
• 8 notable appearances in the media
• 9 See also
• 10 Reference
• 11 external links
development
early development
failure of the [rescatederehenes Iran mission in 1980 showed that the US military is a need [5] for "a new type of aircraft, which could not only take off and land vertically, but could also carry combat troops, and do it at high speed. " [6] The US Department of Defense began the vertical joint service takeoff / landing Experimental Program (JVX) aircraft in 1981 under US Army leadership. later, the US Navy / marine corps went ahead. [7] [8] the JVX requirements combined Infantry Navy, Air Force, Army and Navy. [9] [10] a request for proposals (RFP) was issued in December 1982 for JVX work preliminary design . the interest in the program was expressed by Aérospatiale Bell Helicopter Boeing Vertol Grumman Lockheed and Westland . the Defense Department pushed contractors to form teams. Campana partnered with Boeing Vertol. the team of Bell Boeing submitted a proposal for an expanded version of Bell XV-15 prototype on 17 February 1983. This was the only proposal received and preliminary design contract was awarded on April 26, 1983. [11] [12]
the aircraft was designated JVX V-22 Osprey on January 15, 1985; in March of that same year the first six prototypes were produced, and Boeing Vertol was expanded to cope with the workload of the project. [13] [14] The work has been divided equally between Bell and Boeing. Bell Helicopter manufactures and integrates the wings, nacelles, rotors, drive system, tail surfaces, and the stern ramp and the integration of these Rolls-Royce engines and performs final assembly. Boeing helicopters manufactures and integrates the fuselage, cockpit, avionics and flight controls. [4] [15] The variant USMC Osprey MV-22 received the designation and the Air Force variant received CV-22; reversed the normal procedure to prevent Navy Ospreys having a designation in conflict with aircraft carriers (CV). [16] large-scale development of the V-22 tilt-rotor aircraft began in 1986. [2] on May 3, 1986, the association of Bell-Boeing won a contract 0,714 million for the V-22 aircraft of the Navy, therefore, at this point the project had plans to purchase the four arms of the US army. [17]
first V-22 was launched with the focus of significant media [18] [19] [19459007mayode1988] However, the project suffered several political coups. First, in the same year, the Army left the program, citing a need to focus its budget on programs of immediate aviation. [20] The project to considerable dialogue also faced in the Senate, surviving two votes that both could have led to the cancellation. [21] [22] despite the Senate's decision, the Department of Defense instructed the Navy not to spend more money on the Osprey. [23] at the same time, the administration Bush requested the cancellation of the project. [23]
flight testing and design changes
the first of six MV-22 prototype first flew on March 19, 1989 in helicopter mode, [24] and 14 September 1989 to fixed-wing aircraft. [25] the third and fourth prototypes successfully completed the first sea trials Osprey in USS Wasp in December 1990. [26] However the fourth and fifth prototypes crashed in 1991-92. [27] flight tests resumed in August 1993 after changes were incorporated into the prototypes. [2] From October 1992 to April 1993, Bell and Boeing redesigned the V-22 to reduce the curb weight, simplify manufacturing and reduce production costs. This redesigned version became the B-model. [28]
Flight testing four development V-22 scale began in early 1997 when the first pre-production V-22 was delivered to the Testing Center naval Air Warfare naval Air station Patuxent river Maryland . The first flight EMD took place on 5 February 1997. The first of the four initial production of low-speed aircraft ordered the April 28, 1997, was issued on May 27, 1999. No. 10 Osprey second completed sea trials program, this time of USS Saipan in January 1999. [2] During testing external load April 1999, Boeing uses a V-22 to lift and carry the M777 howitzer . [29] In 2000, Boeing announced that the V-22 would be equipped with an GAU-19 machine gun mounted in the nose [30] but the gun GAU-19 was later canceled. [31]
In 2000, there were two fatal accidents, killing a total of 19 marines, and production stopped again, while the cause of these accidents was investigated and various parts were redesigned. [32] the V-22 has completed its final operational evaluation in June 2005. The evaluation was considered successful; events implementations include long-range, high-altitude desert and shipboard operations. They have addressed the problems identified in several accidents. [33]
Controversy
process of developing the V-22 has been long and controversial, in part because its large cost increases. [34] When the development budget, scheduled for the first 0.5 million in 1986, increased to a projected billion in 1988, the then Defense Secretary Dick Cheney tried to zero out funding. Finally, it was annulled by Congress . [32] Since 2008, millions of dollars have been spent on the Osprey program and another 0.2 billion will be needed to complete the production figures planned for the end of the program. [2]
former commander of the V-22 squadron in Marine Corps Air Station New River , Lt. Col. Odin Lieberman, was relieved of duty in 2001 after allegations that he ordered his unit needed to falsify maintenance records for the aircraft seems more reliable. [2] [35] Three agents were implicated in the scandal later forgery. [34]
The plane is unable autorotation , and therefore is not able to land safely in helicopter mode if both engines fail. A director of the office of tests the Pentagon in 2005, said that if the Osprey loses power during flight as a helicopter below 1,600 feet (490 m ), landings emergency "is not likely to be survival." But Captain Justin (Luna) McKinney, a pilot V-22, says that this will not be a problem, "we can turn it into a flat and slide down, just like a C-130 " . [31] a complete waste of energy would require the failure of two engines, as a drive shaft connects the nacelles through the wing; an engine can power both proprotors. [36] While vortex ring state (VRS) contributed to mortal V-22 accidents , the plane is less susceptible to the condition that conventional helicopters and recover faster. [5] Marines now train new pilots in the recognition and recovery of VRS and have instituted limits of use and instrumentation to help pilots avoid conditions VRS. [32] [37]
was planned in 2000 to equip all V-22 with a Gatling gun mounted in the nose [, to provide "the V-22 with a strong ability firepower defense to greatly increase the survival of the aircraft in hostile actions." [30] the gun project of the nose was however canceled, leading to criticism by former Marine Corps commandant General James L. Jones , which are not satisfied with the current V-22 weapons. [31] A mounted belly turret was installed later in some of the early 22s V- sent to War in Afghanistan in 2009. [38]
with the first combat deployment of the MV-22 in October 2007 Time Magazine published an article condemning the aircraft as unsafe, expensive, and completely inadequate. [31] Marine Corps, however, responded with the statement that most of the data on the paper were outdated, obsolete, inaccurate, and reflect expectations running too high for any new field aircraft. [39]
The recent development
on September 28, 2005, the Pentagon formally approved full-rate production for the V-22. [40] the plan is to increase production of 11 a year to between 24 and 48 per year for 2012. the total of 458 planned, 360 are for the Marines, 48 for Navy and 50 for the Air Force at an average cost of 0 million per aircraft, including development costs. [2] the V-22 had a unit cost of an incremental aircraft of millions of dollars per aircraft in 2007, [3] , but the Navy hopes to shave about millions that cost a production contract after five years in 2008. starts [41]
The Office of Bell-Boeing Joint Project in Amarillo, Texas design a new integrated avionics processor to solve electronic obsolescence issues and add new network capabilities. [42]
Design
Osprey is the first aircraft tiltrotor production in the world, with a proprotor three blades turboprop engine and transmission gondola mounted on each wingtip. It is classified as an airplane vertical takeoff by Federal Aviation Administration . [43] for takeoff and landing, usually works as a helicopter with vertical nacelles (horizontal rotors). Once in the air, nacelles rotate forward 90 ° in just 12 seconds to horizontal flight, converting the V-22 to a higher speed turboprop fuel efficiency more. STOL rolling takeoff and landing capacity is achieved by having the nacelles tilted forward up to 45 °. For compact storage and transport wing of the V-22 rotates to align, from front to back, with the fuselage. The proprotors can also be folded in a sequence taking 90 seconds. [44]
missions Osprey used more fixed-wing flight of 75 percent or more often, which reduces wear on the aircraft and reduce operational costs. [45] This fixed-wing flight is higher than typical helicopter missions that allow broader communication line of sight and thus improves command and control. [2] Boeing said design V-22 loses 10% of its vertical lift on a design tiltwing when operating in helicopter mode due to the resistance of airflow due to wings, but that Tiltrotor design has better takeoff and landing performance short. [46]
The V-22 is equipped with a glass cabinet , which incorporates four multifunction display (MFD) and a shared mainframe display (CDU), which allows pilots to display a variety of images including: digimaps centered or offset in the current position, FLIR images, primary flight instruments, navigation ( TACAN , VOR , ILS , GPS , INS ), and system status. The flight director panel Management System Cockpit (CMS) allows disociar- (alias: the autopilot). Tasks to be carried to the aircraft flying forward in a hover 50 feet without pilot interaction other than system programming [47] the glass booth of the gate CH-46X is derived from the V-22. [48]
The V-22 is a fly-by-wire aircraft flight control systems triple redundant. [49] with nacelles pointing up mode conversion at 90 ° the flight computers commanding the aircraft to fly like a helicopter, with the cyclical forces applied to a conventional swashplate in the rotor hub. With gondolas plane (0 °) of Flaperons , rudder, and elevator fly the aircraft as an airplane mode. This is a gradual transition occurs in the rotation range of the nacelles. The lower the nacelles, the greatest effect of the control surfaces in airplane mode. [50] The nacelle can rotate past vertical to 97.5 ° for flight back. [51] [52]
The Osprey can be armed with a M240 7.62x51mm NATO ( .308 in caliber ) or M2 .50 caliber (12.7 mm) gun on the loading ramp , triggerable back when the ramp is lowered. A GAU-19 three barrel .50 in machine gun mounted under the nose of the V-22 has also been studied for a future update. [31] [53] BAE Systems developed a weapons system with battlements operated by remote control for the V-22 [54] , which was installed in the middle of the first V-22 deployed in Afghanistan in 2009. [38] 7.62 mm belly turret it is remotely operated by a shooter inside the aircraft, which acquires targets using a separate color television sheath and forward infrared imagery.
US Naval Air Systems Command is working on improvements to increase the maximum speed of 250 knots (460 km / h; 290 mph) to 270 knots (500 km / h; 310 mph), increase helicopter mode limit altitude of 10,000 feet (3,000 m) to 12,000 feet (3,700 meters) and 14,000 feet (4,300 m), and increase performance lift. [55]
Operational history
US Marines
formation of the marine Corps crew on the Osprey has been carried out by VMMT-204 since March 2000, on June 3, 2005, the marine Corps helicopter squad average 263 marine helicopter (HMM-263), withdrew to begin the process of transition to the MV-22 Osprey. [56] on December 8, 2005, Lieutenant General Amos commander II MEF , accepted delivery of the first fleet of MV-22, HMM delivered to -263. The unit reactivated the March 3, 2006 as the first MV-22 squadron and was redesignated VMM-263 . On August 31, 2006, VMM-162 (formerly HMM-162) followed suit. On March 23, 2007, HMM-266 became 266 Squadron average sea Tiltrotor ( VMM-266 ) at Marine Corps Air Station New River, North Carolina . [57]
Osprey has been replacing CH-46 Sea Knight existing squads. [58] the MV-22 reached initial operational capability (IOC) with the US Navy Body on 13 June 2007. [1] on July 10, 2007, an MV-22 Osprey landed aboard the aircraft carrier of the Royal Navy HMS Illustrious in the Atlantic Ocean. This marked the first time a V-22 had landed on any ship outside the United States. [59]
On April 13, 2007, the Marine Corps announced that the United States would be sending ten V -22 aircraft to Iraq, the first combat deployment of the Osprey . Marine Corps commandant General James Conway indicated that more than 150 marines accompany the Osprey set for the deployment of September Al-Asad airfield . [60] [61] on September 17, 2007 ten MV-22Bs of VMM-263 went to Iraq aboard the Wasp USS . The decision to use a boat instead of using the capacity for self-deployment of the Osprey was made due to concerns about icing during the northern part of the trip Atlantic, lack of available KC-130 refueling in midair , and the availability of the USS Wasp . [62]
Osprey has supported Iraq , accumulating 2,000 flight hours over three months, with an availability rate capable mission 68, 1% at the end of January 2008. [63] are used primarily in the western Iraqi province Anbar for cargo and troop movements routine, and for the most dangerous missions "aero-Scout". General David Petraeus , the top military commander in Iraq, used one to fly over Iraq on Christmas Day 2007 to visit the troops. [64] presidential candidate Barack Obama also flew in Ospreys during his high-profile 2008 tour of Iraq . [65]
The only major problem was obtaining spare parts necessary to maintain the aircraft. [66] the V-22 had flown 3,000 outlets for a total of 5200 hours in Iraq from July 2008. [67] USMC leadership expect to deploy MV-22 Afghanistan in 2009. [66] [68] General George J. Trautman, III praised the increase in the amplitude of the V- 22 on the existing helicopters in Iraq and said that "the battle space the size of Texas in the size of Rhode Island was given." [69]
Naval Air Systems Command has devised a temporary solution for boaters to place portable heat shields under the Osprey machines to avoid damage to covers some smaller amphibious ships of the Navy, but was determined that a long-term solution to the problem would require these covers be redesigned with coatings heat resistant cover, passive thermal barriers and changes in the structure of the ship in order to operate V-22 and F-35Bs. [70] Government Accountability Office study
to he reported that in January 2009 the Marines were 12 MT-22 operating in Iraq and managed to successfully complete all assigned missions. The same report found that the V-22 mission deployments were able average rates of 57% to 68% and a full capable rate of the overall mission of only 6%. He also indicated that the aircraft had shown weakness in knowledge of the situation, maintenance, shipboard operations and the ability to transport troops and external load. [71] That study also concluded that "deployments confirmed that the V-22 increased speed and range allow staff and internal load to be transported faster and farther than is possible with helicopters He is replacing legacy ". [71]
The MV-22 had its first offensive combat mission anger Operation Cobra on 4 December 2009. Ospreys assisted in insertion of 1,000 marines and 150 Afghan soldiers in the Valley Now Zad in southern Afghanistan to disrupt lines of communication and supply Helmand province of Taliban . [38] In January 2010, the MV-22 Osprey is being sent to Haiti as part of unified response operation relief efforts after the earthquake. This will be the first use of the Navy V-22 on a humanitarian mission. [72]
US Air Force
operational Air Force first CV-22 Osprey was delivered to the Operations of the 58th special wing (SOW 58º) to Base Kirtland Air Force New Mexico on March 20, 2006. This and subsequent aircraft will join the fleet of the bristle 58 of the aircraft used for training pilots and crew for special operations use. [73] on 16 November 2006, the Air Force officially accepted the CV-22 in a ceremony held in Hurlburt Field , Florida. [74]
first operational deployment of the Air Force US Osprey sent four CV-22 Mali in November 2008 in support of Exercise flintlock. The CV-22 flew nonstop from Hurlburt Field, with refueling. [5] AFSOC stated that 8 Operations Squadron reached initial operational capability on 16 March 2009, with six of its nine planned operational CV-22. [75]
In June 2009, CV-22 8th Special Operations Squadron delivered 43,000 lbs (20,000 kg) of humanitarian supplies to remote villages in Honduras that were not accessible by conventional vehicles. [76] in November 2009, 8 SO Squadron and six CV-22s returned from a three-month deployment in Iraq. [77]
The first loss of possible combat an Osprey occurred on April 9, 2010, as CV-22 fell near Qalat, Zabul province Afghanistan, killing four. [78] [79]
potential operators
in 1999 studied the V -22 for use in the UK Royal Navy [80] has been raised repeatedly as a candidate for the role of a Maritime surveillance and control board (MASC). [81]
Israel had shown interest in buying MV-22, but no order was placed. [82] [83] Flightglobal reported in late 2009 that Israel has decided to wait for the CH-53K instead. [84]
The V-22 Osprey is a candidate for Norwegian All Weather Search and rescue helicopters (NAWSARH) which is scheduled to replace Westland Sea King Mk. 43B of Royal Air Force Norway in 2015. [85] the other candidates for the contract NAWSARH 10-12 helicopters are AgustaWestland AW101 Merlin Eurocopter EC225 NH Industries NH90 and Sikorsky S -92 . [86]
Bell Boeing has made an unsolicited bid of the V-22 for the US Army medevac needs.
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