Title : Fasting and autophagy - Fasting 25
link : Fasting and autophagy - Fasting 25
Fasting and autophagy - Fasting 25
What is autophagy? The word derives from the Greek auto (self) and phagein (to eat). So the word literally means to feed oneself. In essence, this is the mechanism of the body to get rid of all the broken machinery of the cell age (organelles, proteins and cell membranes), when there is no longer enough energy to sustain it. It is a regulated, ordered to degrade and recycle cellular components process. 
There is a similar process, called apoptosis best known also known as programmed cell death. The cells, after a number of division, are scheduled to die. While this may sound a bit macabre at first, realize that this process is essential to maintaining good health. For example, suppose you have a car. You love this car. You have a great memory of him. You love to ride.
But after a few years, start looking kind of beating. After a few more, is not so good. The car is costing thousands of dollars each year to maintain. It is breaking all the time. Is it better to keep it around when it is nothing more than a piece of junk? Obviously not. So get rid of it and buy a stylish new car.
The same happens in the body. The cells become old and tatty. It is better that they are programmed to die when life is over. It sounds cruel, but that's life. That is the apoptotic process, in which pre-allocated cells die after a certain amount of time. It's like renting a car. After a certain amount of time to get rid of the car, if you are still working or not. Then you get a new car. You do not have to worry about it breaking down at the worst possible time.
The same process occurs in a subcellular level. You do not necessarily have to replace the entire car. Sometimes you just have to replace the battery, pull the old and get a new one. This also occurs in the cells. Rather than kill the entire cell (apoptosis), only want to replace some parts of the cell. That is the process of autophagy, where the subcellular organelles are destroyed and new rebuilt to replace it. the old cell membranes, organelles and other cellular debris can be removed. This is done by sending to lysosomes, a specialized organelle containing enzymes to degrade proteins. 
Autophagy was first described in 1962 when researchers observed an increase in the number of lysosomes (the part of the cell that destroys things) in liver cells rat after infusion of glucagon. The Nobel-winning scientist Christian de Duve prize coined the term autophagy. Damaged parts and sub cellular proteins become unused marked for destruction and then sent to lysosomes to finish the job.
One of the key regulators of autophagy is called kinase target of rapamycin in mammals (mTOR). When mTOR is activated, which suppresses autophagy, and when inactive, power.
nutrient deprivation is the key enabler of autophagy. Remember that glucagon is kind of the opposite hormone insulin. It's like the game we played as kids - "opposite day '. If insulin goes up, glucagon sets. If insulin decreases, glucagon increases. As we eat insulin and glucagon goes low. When we do not eat (fast) insulin and low glucagon rises. This increase glucagon stimulates the process of autophagy. In fact, fasting (glucagon raises) provides the highest impulse known autophagy.
This is, in essence, a form of cell cleaning. The body identifies the old and of poor quality and mark them for destruction cellular equipment. It is the accumulation of all this garbage that may be responsible for many of the effects of aging.
Fasting is actually much more beneficial than simply stimulate autophagy. It does two good things. By stimulating autophagy, we are cleaning all our old, addicted proteins and moving parts. At the same time, fasting also stimulates growth hormone , which tells our body to start producing some new elegant pieces for the body. We're really giving our bodies complete renovation.
You need to get rid of the old before you can put in new things. Think about renovating your kitchen. If you have old 1970 style lime green awkward cabinets sitting around, you need to throw them away before starting new ones. So the process of destruction (removal) is as important as the process of creation. If he simply tried to put in new cabinets without removing the old, it would be pretty fugly. So fasting can actually reverse all the aging process by removing junk cell and its replacement by new parts.
Autophagy is a highly regulated process. If you run out of control, out of control, this would be harmful, so it must be carefully controlled. In mammalian cells, the total depletion of amino acids is a strong signal of autophagy, but the role of individual amino acids is more variable. However, plasma amino acid levels vary only slightly. amino acid signals and signals / insulin growth factor is believed to converge on the mTOR pathway -. sometimes called the master regulator of nutrient signaling
Therefore, during autophagy, old addict cellular components are broken down into components amino acids (the building block of protein). What about these amino acids In the early stages of starvation, amino acid levels begin to rise. It is thought that these amino acid derivatives autophagy are delivered to the liver for gluconeogenesis. They can also be broken down into glucose through the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA). The third potential target amino acids in be incorporated new proteins.
The consequences of the accumulation of old addict all over the place proteins can be seen in two main conditions - Alzheimer's disease ( AD ) and cancer . Alzheimer's disease involves the accumulation of abnormal protein - either beta amyloid or tau protein that sticks to the brain system. It would not make sense as autophagy process that has the ability to clean up old protein could prevent the development of AD.
autophagy What goes? Eating. Glucose, insulin (or decrease glucagon) and proteins all this process of self-cleaning off. And it does not take much. Even a small amount of amino acid (leucine) autophagy could stop cold . So this process of autophagy is unique for fasting -. Something that is not in the simple calorie restriction or diet
There is a balance here, of course. You get sick by excessive autophagy as well as too little. Which brings us back to the natural cycle of life - partying and fast. the diet is not constant. This allows for cell growth during feeding, cleaning and cell during fasting - balance. Life is about balance.
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