Title : Fasting and brain function - Fasting 24
link : Fasting and brain function - Fasting 24
Fasting and brain function - Fasting 24
How does fasting affects brain function? There are very few reliable data in humans, but some very interesting data in animals, such as recently reviewed . There are many potential benefits. While tend to focus on weight loss and type 2 diabetes, there are many other benefits, including autophagy (a process of cell cleaning), lipolysis (fat burning), effects against aging and anticonvulsant effects. 
From an evolutionary point of view, we can look at other mammals for some clues. In many mammals, the body responds to severe caloric deprivation with a reduction in the size of all organs with two important exceptions - the brain and the male testes. This suggests that cognitive function is highly conserved.
This makes quite a lot of sense from an evolutionary standpoint. Suppose we have some trouble finding food. If your brain began to decline, so the mental confusion that would make it much harder to find food. Our intellectual capacity, one of the main advantages we have in the natural world, would be lost. No, the brain maintains or even increases its capabilities. In the stories of Japanese prisoners of war in World War II (Unbroken by Laura Hillenbrand), many have described the stunning clarity of thought that often accompanies starvation.
The preservation of the size of the testicles is also a significant advantage in trying to pass on our genes to the next generation.
In all mammals, one of the highly conserved behavioral traits is that mental activity increases when you have hunger and decreases satiety. Of course, we've all experienced this. Sometimes this is called 'food coma'. Think about that big turkey and pumpkin pie Thanksgiving. After the huge meal, we are mentally sharp as a tack? or deaf as a concrete block? What about the opposite? Think of a time that has been very hungry. you were tired and lazy? I doubt it. His senses were probably hyper-alert and were mentally sharp as a needle. This means that there may be a huge advantage in the survival of the animals are cognitively sharp and physically agile in times of food shortages. 
Studies have also shown that mental acuity decreases with fasting. One study compared cognitive tasks at baseline and after one hour 24 fast . It found including sustained attention, focus, reaction time as impaired memory or immediate - None of the tasks. Another double-blind study of a 2 days calorie deprivation "almost total" found no detrimental effect even after trying several times cognitive performance, activity, sleep and mood.
What we say we are 'hunger' of something (hunger for power, hungry for attention), does this mean we are lazy and boring? No, it means that we are hyper-vigilant and energetic. Therefore, fasting and hunger clearly activated us towards our goal. People always worry that fasting will dull your senses, but in fact has the opposite, the energizing effect.
This type of testing is easily seen in animal studies . aged rats started in intermittent fasting regimes has significantly improved their motor coordination scores and cognitive tests. learning and memory scores were also improved after SI. Interestingly, there was increased brain connectivity and growth of new neurons from stem cells. This is thought to be mediated in part by BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor). In animal models, both exercise and fasting significantly increase the expression of BDNF in various parts of the brain. BDNF signaling also plays a role in appetite, activity, glucose metabolism and autonomic control of the cardiovascular and gastrointestinal systems . 
There are also very interesting models of mouse neuro-degenerative diseases. Mice maintained SI, compared to normal mice, showed a lower age-related impairment of neurons and fewer symptoms in models of Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease and Parksinon.
In humans, the brain benefits can be found both during fasting and during caloric restriction (CR). During exercise and CR, there is greater synaptic and electrical activity in the brain. In one study of 50 normal elderly subjects, memory test improved significantly with CR 3 months (30% reduction in calories). 
Neurogenesis is the process in which neural stem cells differentiate into neurons that are able to grow and form synapses with other neurons. Both exercise and CR seem to increase neurogenesis through routes including BDNF.
Even more interesting, the level of fasting insulin seems to have a direct inverse correlation to memory as well. That is, the smaller is able to reduce fasting insulin, the greater improvement in memory scores you see.
Increased body fat (measured by body mass index) has also been linked to impaired mental abilities. The use of detailed measurements of blood flow to the brain, researchers linked superior to decreased blood flow to the brain areas involved in attention BMI, reasoning and the highest function .
intermittent fasting provides a method for decreasing insulin, while also decreasing calorie intake.
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by abnormal accumulation of proteins. There are 2 main classes - amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles of tau protein (). Symptoms of AD correlate closely with the accumulation of these plaques and tangles. It is believed that these proteins destroy abnormal synaptic connections in the areas of memory and cognition brain.
Certain proteins (HSP-70) act to prevent damage and misfolding of amyloid and tau proteins. In mouse models alternate daily fasting increased levels of HSP-70 . Autophagy eliminates these proteins tau and amyloid when damaged irreparably. This process is also stimulated by fasting. 
No substantial evidence that the risk of AD is related to obesity. A recent population-based twin study demonstrated that weight gain in middle age predisposes to AD.
Overall, this suggests an intriguing possibility in preventing Alzheimer's disease. More than 5 million Americans have AD, and this number is likely to increase rapidly due to the aging population. AD creates significant burdens on families who are forced to care for their affected members.
Certainly, fasting can have significant benefits in reducing weight, type 2 diabetes, along with its complications - Type of eye damage, kidney disease, nerve damage, heart attacks, strokes, cancer. However, the possibility also exists that can prevent the development of Alzheimer's disease as well.
The method of protection can also be associated with autophagy - a process of cell self cleaning can help remove damaged proteins in the body and brain. Since AD may be the result of abnormal accumulation of tau protein or amyloid protein, fasting can provide a unique opportunity to rid the body of these abnormal proteins. We will cover the next autophagy week.
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