Title : How diabetes become epidemic - DT2 10
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How diabetes become epidemic - DT2 10
The World Health Organization earlier this week released new statistics on the world epidemic diabetes . Diabetes mellitus has been recognized as a disease of all human history for thousands of years. The ancient Egyptian text medical Ebers Papyrus , written around 1550 BC first described this condition of "passing too much urine." Around the same time, ancient Hindu writings into account disease Madhumeha , loosely translated as urine honey. patients were mysteriously perishing, but interestingly, the ants were attracted to the urine. by 250 BC Greek physician Apollonius of Memphis (which should start referring to myself as Jason of Toronto, so cool ...) calls the condition "diabetes" which, by itself connotes excess urine.
Thomas Willis added the term "mellitus" meaning "honey" in 1675. Another way much rarest of diabetes is called diabetes insipidus, which means 'bland'. This disorder is also characterized by excessive urination, but the urine is not sweet. the primary cause of diabetes insipidus is brain injury, most commonly from trauma or neurosurgery. Commonly, the term diabetes refers to diabetes mellitus. We will also use the term diabetes to mean diabetes mellitus.
A more complete description of diabetes mellitus wait until 1 st century AD when the Greek physician Aretaeus of Cappacdocia wrote the classic description of type 1 diabetes as "rendering meat and the limbs into urine. " This captures the essence of the characteristics of this disease in its untreated form. There are excessive urine, but also full weight loss away from all tissues. Patients can not gain weight no matter what they eat. He also notes that "life (diabetes) is short, unpleasant and painful" because there was no effective treatment. Beautiful.
The classical method of diagnosis was to test the urine of the patient affected by the sweet taste. In 1776 Matthew Dobson (1745-1784), English physician identified sugar as sweet-tasting substance in the urine. As it was very difficult to understand. He also calculated that the sweetness of the blood (oh, this is sooo gross) it was also due to sugar.
In 1797, Dr. John Rollo Scottish military surgeon was the first to apply a solution of the diet. an improvement was observed in a diabetic patient treated with a diet of meat. This is the first dietary treatment of its kind. By contrast, the French physician Pierre Priorry (1794-1879) advised diabetics to eat large amounts of sugar to replace lost in the urine. A diabetic colleague unlucky to follow this advice died. Needless to say, the story just laughs at the good Dr. Priorry.
Bouchardat Apollinaire (1806-1886) sometimes called the founder of modern Diabetology, established his own diet based on his observation that the periodic starvation during the Franco-Prussian War 1870 resulted in lower glucose urine. His book ou sucré glycosuria diabète established forbidden foods, such as sugars and starches.
In 1889, Joseph von Mering and Oskar Minkowski finally identified as the culprit pancreas organ. Experimentally removing the entire pancreas of dogs rushed to the signs and symptoms of diabetes identical. In 1910, Sir Edward Sharpey-Schafer suggested that deficiency of a single hormone called insulin that was responsible. The insulin word derived from the Latin insula , which means island as this hormone is produced in the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. 
In 1910, Frederick Madison Allen (1879-1964) developed the "treatment of hunger Allen", which was widely considered the best dietary therapy to the discovery of insulin . This diet was very low in calories (1000 calories per day) and very restricted in carbohydrates (<10 g per day). Mason's book "Studies of glycosuria and diabetes" revolutionizes the treatment of diabetes.
Patients admitted to hospital are treated with whiskey and black coffee every two hours 07 a.m.-7 p.m .. This was continued until the sugar disappears from the urine. Why whiskey? Not quite sure, but I have the feeling that in his day, even though the whiskey could cure almost everything. At least it will keep their minds off the fact that they are not getting nothing but whiskey and coffee. While type 2 diabetics recover, type 1 diabetics often die. Since the disease was deadly otherwise, this was not the tragedy that may initially seem. But the response of type 2 diabetics was an impressive improvement, unlike anything seen before, and Allen soon becomes director of diabetes research at the Rockefeller Institute.
He and Dr. Elliott Joslin diabetic pre-eminent specialists of his time were considered. Dr. Joslin writes in 1916, 'that temporary periods of malnutrition are useful in the treatment of diabetes is likely to be recognized by all after two years of experience with fasting. "
Frederick Banting, Charles Best and the other guy (John MacLeod) made the most important discovery of insulin at the University of Toronto in 1921. insulin were isolated and purified from bovine pancreas and gave the first patient in 1922. Leonard Thompson, a 14-year-old was only 65 pounds when he started to injections of insulin. Your signs and symptoms disappeared quickly. Six patients were treated faster equally impressive success. the average life of a ten year old at the time diagnosis increased from 1.3 years to 35 years!
Eli Lilly and Company has partnered with the University of Toronto to commercially develop the product. Banting and Best made the patent available free to patients throughout the world could benefit. In the fall of 1923, 25,000 patients were being treated with injected insulin. Banting and MacLeod received the Nobel Prize in 1923 to commemorate his historic discovery. Later, Sir Frederick Sanger received the Nobel Prize 1958 for his work decoding the amino acid structure of insulin.
Euphoria occurred. In general, it is believed that the cause of diabetes was discovered and a cure now exist. Urine tests for glucose is refined. new types of insulin are developed. The discovery of insulin completely overshadows dietary treatments of the previous century. 
But it is clear that there are two groups of diabetics. In 1936, Sir Harold Percival Himsworth (1905-1993) divides based diabetics' insulin sensitivity. "In 1948, Dr. Joslin speculates that a large number of people who have undiagnosed diabetes and insulin does not can solve all your problems. in 1959, and were formally recognized two types of diabetes. These were called type 1 'insulin-dependent' and type 'non-insulin dependent diabetes 2'. with greater understanding, the insulin-names dependent and non-insulin dependent are left formally dropped in 2003. Previously, the names of juvenile diabetes and adult were also used. However, since type 1 diabetes can occur in adults and type 2 diabetes is increasingly common in children, this classification has also been abandoned.
the irony is that despite the large amount of accumulated in the last two centuries knowledge, are arguably worse with diabetes than in 1816 (8). In the 1800s, type 1, or insulin deficiency severe dominated the landscape. While almost always fatal, these cases were still relatively rare and diabetes was not in the top 10 causes of death.
Fast forward to 2016, and type 1 diabetes represents only 10% of all cases. These cases are treated with insulin efficient manner. Type 2 diabetes dominates and is growing at epidemic proportions. Almost all of these patients are overweight or obese, and will suffer complications related to diabetes.
Worse, the prevalence of type 2 diabetes is a recent phenomenon, having occurred only in the last 30 or 40 years. In China, the prevalence has soared from less than 1% in 1980 to 11.6% in 2010. That's about a rise 1,160% in one generation! 
Both the total number of diabetics and the percentage of the population (age adjusted) are increasing. What's worse is that there seems no end in sight.
The problem is not trivial. In 2012, it is estimated that diabetes costs $ 245 billion in the United States due to direct health costs and lost productivity (10). 14.3% of American adults have type 2 diabetes, but the problem is even worse than it seems. A total of 38% of the population have prediabetes, so the total of prediabetes + diabetes is 52.3%. This means there is, for the first time in history, more people with the disease than without it. Amazing.
Part of the increasing prevalence results from the fact that we are seeing type 2 diabetes in younger and younger populations. pediatric clinics, once the exclusive domain of DM1, are now invaded by an epidemic of patients with type 2 diabetes - often obese adolescents. This is a worldwide phenomenon. In Japan, 80% of all new cases of diabetes are Type 2 diabetes
But the question remains why? Why we are unable to prevent the onset of type 2 diabetes? Why we are unable to prevent its spread to pediatric age groups? Why we are unable to stop the ravages of type 2 diabetes in our bodies? Why we can not prevent heart attacks, strokes, blindness, kidney disease, amputations and accompanying T2D? More than 3000 years after its discovery, why there CURE?
The only possibility is that we fundamentally misunderstood the disease called diabetes type 2. We must understand the causes of the disease to cure. In medical terms, this is the etiology. What is the etiology of type 2 diabetes? Once we understand this, we can begin to design rational treatments that have a chance of success.
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