Title : Understanding first aid
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Understanding first aid
June 14, 2016: Each year in the UK, thousands of people are killed or seriously injured in incidents. Many deaths could be prevented if first aid is given before emergency services arrive.
What do
If someone is injured must:
- first check you and the victim is not in any danger, and, if possible, make the security situation
- if necessary, call 999 or 112 for an ambulance when it is safe to do so out
- carry basic first aid
If someone is unconscious and breathing
If a person is unconscious but breathing, and no other injuries that stop them being transferred, place them in the recovery position until help arrives.
keep them under observation to ensure they continue breathing normally, and not obstruct your airway.
If someone is unconscious and not breathing
If a person is not breathing normally after an incident, call an ambulance and begin CPR immediately. Use your hands only CPR if they are not trained to perform rescue breaths.
more information on CPR, including instructions and a video about hands-only CPR.
accidents and common emergencies
Here, in alphabetical order, are some of the most common injuries requiring emergency treatment in the UK and information about how to deal with them:
- anaphylaxis (or anaphylactic shock)
- bleeding
- burns and scalds
- choking
- drowning
- electric shock (national)
- fractures
- heart attack
- poisoning
- shock
- Career
anaphylaxis
anaphylaxis (or anaphylactic shock) is a severe allergic reaction that can occur after an insect bite or after eating certain foods. The adverse reactions can be very rapid, occurring within seconds or minutes of contact with the substance of the person is allergic to (allergens).
During anaphylactic shock, which can be difficult for the person to breathe, like tongue and throat may swell, obstruction of the airways.
Call 999 or 112 immediately if you think someone is experiencing anaphylactic shock.
check if the person is taking any medication. Some people who know they have serious allergies may carry an adrenaline auto-injector, which is a type of prefilled syringe. You can help the person administering their medication or if you are qualified to do so, give them yourself.
After injection, continue to care for the person until medical help arrives. All casualties who have had an intramuscular or subcutaneous (under the skin) injection of adrenaline should be seen and medically controlled by a health professional as soon as possible after the injection has been given.
Make sure you feel comfortable and can breathe the best they can while waiting for medical help arrives. If you are aware, sitting upright is usually the best position for them.
Bleeding
If someone is bleeding heavily, the main objective is to prevent blood loss and minimize the effects of shock (see below).
First, call 999 and ask for an ambulance as soon as possible.
If you have disposable gloves, use them to reduce the risk of any infection being transmitted.
Check that there is nothing buried in the wound. If so, be careful not to put pressure on the object.
Instead, press firmly on both sides of the object and build padding around it before dressing to avoid putting pressure on the object itself.
If nothing is embedded:
- apply and maintain pressure on the wound with gloved hand, using a cushion or a bandage if possible; continue to apply pressure until the bleeding stops
- use a clean bandage to bandage the wound firmly
- if bleeding continues through the pad, pressure is applied to the wound until the bleeding stops and then apply another pad on top and the dressing in place; do not remove the pad or the original dressing, but will continue to verify that the bleeding has stopped
If a body part, such as a finger, has been cut, place it in a plastic bag or wrap film paper and make sure it goes with the victim to the hospital.
always seek medical help for bleeding unless it is minor.
If someone has a nosebleed that has not stopped after 20 minutes, go to your nearest accident and (A & E) emergency department.
hemostatic dressings and tourniquets
In certain situations, when bleeding is very serious and extremities of the body such as the head, neck and torso, can be appropriate to use hemostatic dressings or a tourniquet.
hemostatic dressings contain properties that help blood to clot (thicken) faster. A tourniquet is a band that has wrapped tightly around a limb to stop the blood loss. hemostatic dressings and tourniquets should only be used by people who have been trained to implement them.
Burns and scalds
If someone has a burn or scald:
- cool the burn as quickly as possible with running water for at least 10 minutes, or until the pain
- relieved call 999 or seek medical help if necessary
- while the burn is cooled, carefully remove clothing or jewelry, unless which adheres to the skin
- if cooling a large burned area, particularly in infants, children and elderly, note that can cause hypothermia (it may be necessary to stop cooling the burn to avoid hypothermia)
- cover the burn loosely with plastic wrap; if cling film is not available, use a clean, dry dressing or foam; Do not wrap the burn strongly, because inflammation can lead to further damage
- no creams, lotions or sprays are applied to the burn
For chemical burns, wear protective gloves , the affected area and rinse the burn with running water for at least 20 minutes to wash the chemical disrobe. If possible, determine the cause of the injury.
In certain situations in which a chemical is handled regularly, a specific chemical antidote may be available for use.
Be careful not to contaminate and cut with the chemical, and wear protective clothing if necessary.
choking
The following information is for choking in adults and children over one year old.
mild asphyxia
If the airway is only partially blocked, the person will usually be able to talk, mourn, coughing or breathing. In situations like this, a person will usually be able to remove the blockage themselves.
If the asphyxia is mild:
- encourage the person to cough to try to remove the blockage
- asking them to try to remove the object, if in his mouth
- Do not put your fingers in your mouth to help them as they accidentally can bite
If the cough does not work, start back blows (see down).
severe asphyxia
If choking is severe, the person will not be able to talk, mourn, cough or breathe without assistance will eventually lose consciousness .
To help an adult or child over one year old:
- Stand behind the person and a little to one side. Support his chest with one hand. Lean forward to the person so that the object blocking the airway will come out of your mouth, rather than moving lower.
- Give up to five sharp blows between the shoulder blades of the person with the palm (the heel is between the palm and wrist).
- Check if the blockage has been cleared.
- If not, give up to five abdominal thrusts (see below).
abdominal thrusts should not be used on infants under age one year pregnant women or obese people.
To perform abdominal thrusts on a person who is severely choking and is not in one of the above groups:
- Stand behind the person who is drowning.
- Put your arms around his waist and bend well forward.
- clench fist and place it just above the navel of the person.
- Place the other hand on top of your fist and pull sharply inwards and upwards.
- repeat this five times.
The goal is to get the obstruction with each push on the chest, rather than necessarily do all five.
If the obstruction does not disappear after three cycles of back blows and chest compressions dial 999 or 112 for an ambulance, and continue until you reach the help .
Choking person must always be seen by a health professional after checking that there are no injuries or small pieces of obstruction remaining.
drowning
If someone is in trouble in the water, not into the water to help unless absolutely essential.
Once the person is in the land, if not breathing, open the airway and give five initial rescue breaths before starting CPR. If you are alone, perform CPR for one minute before applying for emergency assistance.
Discover how to do CPR, including rescue breaths.
If the person is unconscious but still breathing, put them in the recovery position with the head lower than your body and call an ambulance immediately.
continue to monitor the victim to ensure they do not stop breathing or your airways are obstructed.
electric current (domestic)
If someone has had an electric shock, disconnect power to the mains to break contact between the person and supply electric.
If you can not get to the mains power:
- do not approach or touch the person until you are sure the power is turned off
- once the power supply has been turned off, and if the person is not breathing, call 999 or 112 for an ambulance
Subsequently, seek medical help. - Unless electric shock is very small
Fractures
may be difficult to determine if a person has a broken bone or a joint, as opposed to a muscle injury simple. If you are in any doubt, treat the injury like a broken bone.
If the person is unconscious, having trouble breathing or is bleeding severely, they must be treated first, by controlling bleeding with direct pressure and performing CPR.
If the person is conscious, avoid more pain or damage to keep as still as possible fracture until you get safely to a hospital.
assess the injury and decide whether the best way to get her to hospital, ambulance or car. For example, if the pain is not too severe, you can be transported to the hospital by car. It is always better to get someone else to drive, so you can deal with the victim in case they deteriorate -. For example, if they lose consciousness as a result of pain or start vomiting
However, if
- who are in a lot of pain and in need of strong medication painkiller not they move and call an ambulance
- obviously they have a broken leg, do not move, but keep them in the position you found them and call an ambulance
- suspects have damaged or broken back, do not move and call an ambulance
Do not give the person anything to eat or drink as they may need an anesthetic (numbing medicine) when they reach a hospital.
A heart attack is one of the most common life-threatening heart disease in the UK. If you believe that a person is having or has had a heart attack, sit down and make them as comfortable as possible and call 999 or 112 for an ambulance.
Symptoms of a heart attack include:
- chest pain - the pain is usually located in the center or left chest and you can feel a sense of pressure, tightness or squeezing
- pain in other parts of the body - You may feel as if the pain moves from the chest to one or both arms, or jaw, neck, back or abdomen (tummy)
sit the person down and feel comfortable.
If they are conscious, reassure them and ask them to take one tablet of aspirin 300 mg to chew slowly (unless you know you should not take aspirin - for example, if they are under 16 years or allergic reaction to medication) .
If the person has any medication for angina pectoris, as a spray or tablets, allowing them to take it. Monitor vital signs such as breathing until help arrives.
If the person deteriorates and loses consciousness, open your airway, check breathing and, if necessary, begin CPR. Return to alert emergency services that the victim is now in cardiac arrest.
poisoning
poisoning is potentially life threatening. Most poisoning cases in the UK occur when a person has ingested a toxic substance such as bleach, overdosed on a prescription drug, or eaten wild plants and fungi. Alcohol poisoning can cause similar symptoms.
If you believe someone has ingested a poisonous substance, call 999 or 112 for immediate medical help and advice.
The effects of poisoning depend on the substance ingested, but may include vomiting, unconsciousness, pain or a burning sensation. The following advice is important:
- To know what has been swallowed, which may indicate the paramedic or doctor.
- Nothing is given to the person to eat or drink unless a health professional counseling.
- Do not try to cause vomiting.
- Stay with the person, because their condition may worsen and could become unconscious.
If the person loses consciousness while you are waiting for help to arrive, check for breathing and, if necessary, perform CPR.
not perform mouth-to-mouth if the mouth or airways of the victim are contaminated with the poison.
Do not leave if they are unconscious, as they can rotate on its back, which could make him vomit. Vomiting then could enter the lungs and cause choking.
If the victim is conscious and breathing normally, put them in the recovery position and continue to monitor their state of consciousness and breathing.
read more about treating someone who has been poisoned and treatment of alcohol intoxication.
Impact
In the case of a serious injury or illness, it is important to look at the symptoms of shock (see below).
Shock is a life threatening condition that occurs when the circulatory system can not provide enough oxygenated blood to the body and, therefore, deprives vital organs of oxygen.
This is usually due to severe blood loss, but can also occur after severe burns, severe vomiting, heart attack, a bacterial infection or a severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis).
The type of shock described here is not the same as the emotional response of feeling shocked, which can also occur after an accident.
Signs of shock include:
- pale, cold, clammy skin
- sweating
- rapid shallow breathing
- weakness and dizziness
- feeling of discomfort and possibly vomiting
- sed
- yawn
- pining
should seek help medical right away if someone has any of the above symptoms of shock. If they do, you must:
- dial 999 or 112 as soon as possible and ask for an ambulance
- treat obvious lesions
- lie to the person if their injuries allow you and, if possible, raise and keep their legs
- wear a coat or blanket to keep warm
- Do not give them anything to eat or drink
- give them much comfort and security
- monitor the person - if they stop breathing, start CPR and re-alert emergency services
Career
the FAST guide is the most important thing to remember when it comes to people who have suffered a stroke thing. The earlier you receive treatment, the better. Call emergency services immediately.
If you believe that a person has had a stroke, use the FAST guide
- Facial weakness - is the person unable to smile evenly, or are your eyes or droopy mouth
- arm weakness - is the only person able to lift an arm
- [? speech problems - is the person who can not speak clearly or understand
- time to call 999 or 112 - for emergency aid if person has any of these symptoms
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