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Title : Bergen: The jihad-crime nexus
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Bergen: The jihad-crime nexus

What have these attacks have in common? Terrorists are usually criminals who have served time in either French or Belgian prison systems, or who have been convicted of minor crimes, but have avoided jail.

Mohamed Lahouaiej-Bouhlel , which killed at least 84 people on Thursday in Nice, France, had a long history of petty crime. Bouhlel assaulted a motorist last year for which he received a suspended sentence of six months. is still unclear how exactly Bouhlel came to commit the terrorist attack. But it is surprising how many cases of terrorism in Europe share a jihad-crime nexus. On the contrary, the more than 300 people accused of a crime against jihadist terrorism in the United States since 9/11, only 10% had a history of crimes other than terrorism. Larossi Abballa , who stabbed a police commander and his partner to death in June in a village on the outskirts of Paris, had been convicted of recruiting jihadists to fight in Pakistan. He was sentenced to 2 and a half years in prison in 2013, but was released shortly after his conviction because he had spent more than two years in jail awaiting trial, where he had preached about Islam other prisoners. The Kouachi brothers, authors January 2015 attack on the French magazine satirical Charlie Hebdo, had been imprisoned for a number of offenses, including participation in a terrorist organization and trafficking counterfeit sports shoes. Amedy Coulibaly which killed four Jews in a kosher supermarket in Paris shortly after the attacks of Charlie Hebdo, was a close friend of the brothers Kouachi. Chérif Kouachi met in prison while serving a six-year sentence for bank robbery. It is where both were radicalized in part by a recruiter for Al Qaeda prisoners. Prisons in France and Belgium have hatched many jihadi terrorists. This is because the proportion of the French prison population is Muslim is estimated at around 60% , which is extremely high considering that Muslims account for 8% of the population of France. In the Belgian prisons, there is a similar disproportion :. Thirty-five percent of the prison population is Muslim, compared with 6% of the general population

conditions of these prisons and society in general exacerbates the spread of radicalism. Despite its large Muslim population, many of these prisons lack a sufficient number of Muslim chaplains. This leaves the door open for Islamist militants among the prison population to spread their ideology during meals and hours of exercise through informal sessions preaching.

Muslims in France and Belgium have been largely marginalized. They are often kidnapped in the poorest and most violent neighborhoods than their counterparts in the United States and are subject to widespread racial discrimination.

French and Belgian prisons have proven universities of jihad. Members ISIS cell responsible for the attacks in Paris in November that killed 130 attacks in March in Brussels, Belgium, at the airport and the subway system that killed 32, bonded through criminal activities or the jail.

Abdelhamid Abaaoud and Salah Abdeslam masterminds of the cell, were childhood friends who grew up in the Brussels neighborhood of Molenbeek. In 2010, men were arrested and spent time in the same prison.

Abdeslam Ibrahim's brother Salah, also spent time in prison with Abaaoud. It would be one of the terrorist attacks in November in Paris.

, and Khalid Ibrahim El Bakraou i, two suicide bombers in attacks Brussels, had served long prison sentences for armed robbery and assault to the police. ISIS recruit Mehdi Nemmouche , who is accused of killing four at the Jewish Museum in Brussels in 2014, he had been in a French prison for robbery.

How to stop prison radicalization? France has begun to implement new measures, such as separation of militants from the general prison population and placing them in solitary confinement so they can not exercise their ideological influence on other inmates.

However, much remains to be done - not only to identify those who go to jail as radicals, but also, above all, to identify those coming from the more militant prison, as seems to have been for many terrorists they have launched attacks in France and Belgium in the last three years.

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